探索光伏集成室内农业的可持续解决方案：来自美国主要城市的能源、经济与环境洞察

Abstract As urban populations grow, sustainable local food production becomes essential. Indoor farming with integrated photovoltaic systems offers consistent yields under optimal conditions. This study evaluates photovoltaic-based controlled environment agriculture system in the ten most populous U.S. cities, organized by region—North Central, South Central, Northeast, and Southwest—focusing on energy savings, costs, and environmental impacts. A simulation framework resolves control optimization problems at 15-min intervals, where control outcomes and greenhouse states are analyzed for energy efficiency and environmental effects. The study introduces novel aspects: (1) comprehensive environmental impact assessments, targeting light pollution, carbon footprint reduction, and nitrification; (2) a multi-city evaluation for diverse climate insights; and (3) crop growth modeling within a model predictive control framework, offering a scalable, climate-sensitive solution that optimizes energy efficiency and crop yield. Results show that photovoltaic-based greenhouse can cut annual energy consumption by 25.7 %, reducing reliance on non-renewable sources. Geographic factors influence costs: East and Southwest cities, such as New York and Los Angeles, face increased operational expenses (18 %–26 %) due to land and energy constraints, whereas South Central cities like Houston and Phoenix benefit from lower costs due to ample sunlight. Environmental impacts vary; Northeast photovoltaic-based greenhouse reduces carbon emission emissions by 0.658 kg CO₂-eq/m 2 annually but increases light pollution by 5 % in dense urban areas. North Central and South cities experience less light pollution but face nitrification issues, averaging 0.77 N 2 O eq-kg/m 2 .