钙钛矿太阳能电池商业化中的挑战：聚焦可持续性、稳定性和成本效益

Abstract The widespread commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is constrained by substantial challenges such as instability, eco-toxicity, and high cost. Although numerous approaches have been explored to address these issues, comprehensive studies that simultaneously tackle all these aspects are still scarce. This review highlights the viable strategies investigated to position PSCs as a potential contender among existing conventional photovoltaic technologies. This review provides an in-depth overview of PSCs, including their device architectures based on charge transport and absorber layers, and examines the obstacles that hinder their competitiveness with conventional silicon solar cells. Key issues such as structural instability, lead toxicity, and the usage of harmful solvents are discussed, along with strategies to mitigate these challenges, including mixed cation/halide approaches, powder-based synthesis, interface layer engineering, and encapsulation techniques. The potential of hole transport layer free carbon-based PSCs as a cost-effective alternative is also explored. Beyond the technical challenges, this review sheds light on sustainability and economic considerations, such as the reliance on high-purity precursors and costly fabrication methods. This review seeks to offer an in-depth overview of the current progress in PSCs while highlighting the integrated approaches required to transform them into viable and sustainable energy technologies.