混合氢-电池储能微电网的长期能量管理：一种无需预测的协同优化框架

Abstract This paper studies the long-term energy management of a microgrid coordinating hybrid hydrogen-battery energy storage. We develop an approximate semi-empirical hydrogen storage model to accurately capture the power-dependent efficiency of hydrogen storage. We introduce a prediction-free two-stage coordinated optimization framework, which generates the annual state-of-charge (SoC) reference for hydrogen storage offline. During online operation, it updates the SoC reference online using kernel regression and makes operation decisions based on the proposed adaptive virtual-queue-based online convex optimization (OCO) algorithm. We innovatively incorporate penalty terms for long-term pattern tracking and expert-tracking for step size updates. We provide theoretical proof to show that the proposed OCO algorithm achieves a sublinear bound of dynamic regret without using prediction information. Numerical studies based on the Elia and North China datasets show that the proposed framework significantly outperforms existing online optimization approaches, reducing operational costs and loss of load by approximately 60% and 90%, respectively, compared to the model predictive control method. Additionally, the introduction of long-term reference tracking contributes to over 50% of this reduction. These benefits can be further enhanced with optimized settings for the penalty coefficient and step size of OCO, as well as more historical references.