评估水泵提供频率调节时水电网络的韧性

Pumps in drinking water distribution networks can be operated as flexible, controllable loads to help support the electric power grid, e.g., by providing frequency regulation. However, departures from conventional water network operation should not degrade the ability of the water and power networks to respond to high impact low frequency events. In this paper, we evaluate the resilience of water and power distribution networks surrounding a storm-induced power outage given an optimal pumping strategy that minimizes electricity costs and is capable of offering frequency regulation. The water network resilience under optimal water pumping strategies is compared with its resilience under a conventional rule-based water pumping strategy. In a case study, we consider an extreme wind event that causes power outages in the power distribution network impacting pumps in the water network. We found that the optimal control strategies are significantly less expensive than the traditional rule-based strategy but the water tanks levels are lower within the optimal pumping strategies, potentially reducing water service availability during long power outages. However, we also observed that the tank levels remain further from their limits when the optimal pumping strategy provides frequency regulation in addition to minimizing electricity costs, resulting in improved resilience metrics.