基于分布式储能系统的源-网-荷协同灵活性机制

Power distribution networks, incorporating electric vehicles (EVs) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs), can provide valuable flexibility to the upstream grid. This article proposes a new mechanism for modeling and optimizing two-way flexibility exchange between the distribution system operator (DSO) and flexible loads, aiming to minimize the DSO’s total cost while satisfying the flexibility requests of the upstream market operator. The DSO first solicits the participation of flexible loads, including EVs and BESSs, which can either accept or reject the request. Considering the agreed state of charge of participating resources, a flexibility market is then formulated, incorporating the user contribution index and Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions. The proposed mechanism is tested under various load conditions, price tariffs, and EV penetration levels. The results demonstrate significant cost reductions for DSOs, as they purchase less energy from the upstream market operator compared to scenarios without flexibility management.