广义频率成形服务中的分布式能源最优参与设计

Frequency control services are essential for maintaining the stability of renewable-dominated power systems. System operators worldwide have introduced new frequency control services to encourage distributed energy resource (DER) participation. However, the lack of a unified coordination framework has led to fragmented service design, duplicated reserve requirements, and reduced cost efficiency. This paper proposes the Generalized Frequency Shaping Service (GFSS), a unified approach that integrates heterogeneous frequency control services and enables scalable DER coordination. GFSS standardizes global frequency control practices, allowing DERs with diverse dynamic capabilities to jointly form desired system-level frequency responses under time-varying grid dynamics. The core of GFSS is to systematically optimize DERs' participation parameters to minimize associated costs and satisfy system-level performance requirements. To operationalize the framework, this paper develops an optimization model that tunes DER participation parameters to minimize associated power and energy reserve requirements. In addition, the paper presents a computationally efficient solution algorithm for the non-convex participation design optimization problem. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed GFSS framework and DER participation strategy reduce control service costs by up to 60% and cut computation time to just a few minutes. These improvements highlight the method's potential for real-time, cost-efficient DER coordination.