温带、寒冷和温暖气候条件对电动汽车及电池热管理系统性能的影响：能耗、电池老化和碳足迹

Abstract Electric vehicles have emerged as a promising solution to address growing concerns about fossil fuel consumption and environmental pollution. However, operating temperature conditions play a critical role in determining the efficiency and safety of electric vehicle batteries. Maintaining battery temperatures within an optimal range is essential for ensuring efficient and reliable operation. This study examines three distinct climate zones in Iran, namely temperate (Tehran), cold (Tabriz), and warm (Bandar Abbas). The study highlights the critical role of ambient temperature and solar irradiation in affecting battery efficiency, energy consumption, and overall vehicle performance. Utilizing a simulated vehicle model, the research evaluates the cabin and the battery thermal dynamics, emphasizing the necessity of maintaining optimal temperatures —the cabin at 22 °C and the battery at 28 °C— to enhance battery lifespan and vehicle reliability. The findings reveal that energy consumption in Tabriz (cold climate) totaled 93.11 kW h annually for two trips, which is 4.53 kW h higher than Tehran (moderate climate) and 16.76 kW h higher than Bandar Abbas (warm climate), primarily due to increased heating demands. However, battery aging accelerated in warmer climates. Over ten years, the total capacity loss reached 10 % in Bandar Abbas, 7 % in Tehran, and 6 % in Tabriz. The carbon footprints of EV are evaluated to be 13.189 kg in Tabriz, 12.548 kg in Tehran, and 10.815 kg in Bandar Abbas for every 100 km of travel.