面向X的电力储能电池技术经济性比较：基于P-图方法的多维评估

Abstract The growing demand for renewable energy underscores the necessity of developing scalable, cost-effective, and sustainable energy storage systems, which are encountering challenges related to profitability and efficiency. The emerging power-to-X (P2X) batteries can distributively and cost-effectively store surplus renewable energy to satisfy certain demands. However, the time-dependent demands and numerous technological selections (e.g., storage medium, equipment, etc.) greatly hinder the identification of optimal P2X batteries. Therefore, we present a low-complex graph-theory-based framework for identifying the most efficient and cost-effective configuration. The case study highlights the thermal-energy-storage-based power-to-heat batteries using fire bricks with absorption heat pumps deliver a levelized cost of storage below $0.01/kWh and a 114 % increase in storage arbitrage value compared to their electrochemical storage counterpart. We also offer strategic insights into selecting energy storage configurations in different scenarios and reveal the relationship between efficiency and profitability.