面向两级单相并网光伏系统的数字孪生开发：基于AMSA与LCOGI的控制技术

The increasing demand for fault reduction and enhanced operational stability in power converters has led to the adoption of digital twin (DT) technology. This article presents the development of a digital twin for a two-stage, single-phase grid-tied inverter system, offering advanced operational benefits. The proposed DT is a mathematically derived model that operates in tandem with the physical system (PS), formulated through intricate equations modeled in the discrete-time domain using the Backward–Euler method. Sensor data from key positions within the PS serve as the intermediary between the physical and digital system, enabling real-time monitoring and synchronization. An optimized objective function is designed by utilizing sampled data from the PS in conjunction with the results of the mathematical model, ensuring a high-fidelity representation. Key parameters such as the internal resistance and voltage drop of switches, capacitors, and inductors are accurately identified accurately using an adaptive momentum search algorithm (AMSA). Additionally, the AMSA is employed for data analysis, providing an in-depth evaluation of system dynamics. A limit cycle oscillator tuned generalized integrator based d–q control strategy governs the pulse-width modulation pulses of the inverter, ensuring precise switching and system stability. Validation of the proposed model is carried out through a hardware prototype implementation using an NIsbRIO-9636 field-programmable gate array (FPGA) controller, where the experimental and DT results exhibit a percentage matching greater than 98%, confirming the robustness and accuracy of the system.