电池电动汽车能耗的实车分析：环境温度与热管理系统运行的影响

Abstract This study investigates the real-world energy consumption characteristics of a battery electric vehicle, with a particular focus on thermal system behavior under varying ambient temperatures and driving conditions. Over an 18-month period, 113 on-road tests were conducted using a single vehicle, covering temperatures from − 10 °C to 39 °C and diverse road and traffic conditions. A key contribution of this study is the analysis of how the operation of thermal subsystems, such as the heat pump, electric resistance heater, and battery chiller, affects overall vehicle energy consumption under varying ambient and driving conditions. Results show that ambient temperature strongly influences energy consumption, even when the cabin climate system is turned off. When the cabin climate system was active, additional compressor loads for cabin heating or cooling, as well as battery thermal management, further increased energy consumption. At ambient temperatures above 30 °C, the compressor was activated for battery cooling regardless of user-driven cabin climate control, contributing to increased energy consumption. In addition to thermal system operation, ambient temperature directly influences the vehicle’s energy consumption. At –10 °C, energy consumption was approximately 50 % higher than at 30 °C. This increase was attributed to greater propulsion energy demand and reduced regenerative braking efficiency in cold conditions. Based on a large set of real-world test data, this study provides detailed insights into energy consumption behavior of a battery electric vehicle under realistic operating conditions.