探究多层太阳能光伏组件中的热动力学：揭示热点并推进创新冷却策略

Abstract Thermal management of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules is crucial for optimizing energy efficiency, as uneven temperature distribution hinders performance. This study investigates the thermal dynamics of multi-layer PV modules comprising ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), silicon cells, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), tape, and carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP). The study uniquely combines numerical, theoretical, and real-time experimental validation using a solar simulator under an average of 1000 W/m 2 to mimic the solar irradiance at standard test conditions. Numerical results revealed relatively uniform surface temperatures across layers, with the cell layer reaching the highest surface average temperature (41.36 °C) attributed to its intrinsic material properties such as high adsorption efficiency and thermal conductivity. Experimental observations showed that the frontsheet (ETFE) average temperature increased to 59.98 °C, measurable among other multi-layer surfaces. These discrepancies result in efficiency variations: numerical (15.54 %), theoretical (14.05 %), and experimental (8.94 %), with the experimental efficiency showing a 36.4 % and 42.5 % reduction compared to theoretical and simulation predictions, respectively. The theoretical model assumes idealized conditions, while experimental results reveal resistive heating effects and late-stage voltage collapse in the IV curve. To mitigate temperature-induced efficiency losses, this study advocates for innovative cooling solutions, including phase change materials, metal foam fins, and thermoelectric-based radiative cooling, enabling bottom-layer thermal regulation for continuous PV operation. These findings contribute to next-generation sustainable PV technologies, supporting affordable and clean energy (SDG 7) through optimized thermal management strategies.