优化办公建筑半透明光伏幕墙的采光、天空视野和能源产出：四个气候区的比较研究

Abstract Photovoltaic cells in building facades convert solar radiation into electricity. Increased output is achieved by integrating both light-transmitting (windows) and non-transmitting (façade) surfaces. Optimizing window transparency improves visual comfort and reduces energy use. This study introduces a method to assess a south-facing office façade using opaque a-Si and translucent thin-film silicon photovoltaic cells. It analyzes their effects on electricity production, visual comfort, and energy consumption through simulations using Windows software, and the EnergyPlus and Radiance engines in Ladybug tools. The study consists of two main phases: Phase I: This phase explored four different window-to-wall ratios (WWRs) as light-transmitting surfaces, each with semi-transparent photovoltaic cells at five transparency levels. The analysis covered four climatic conditions (Helsinki, Toronto, Riyadh, and Tebessa) to evaluate performance in electricity generation , visual comfort, and energy consumption. This phase established a basis for optimization in Phase II. Phase II: A genetic algorithm based on NSGA-II was used to find the optimal combination of light-transmitting (windows) and non-transmitting (façade) surfaces for each GHI zone. The goal was to improve visual comfort, reduce energy consumption, and enhance photovoltaic electricity production. In Helsinki, the optimal WWR was 83 % to 87 %, with transparency levels of 10 % to 25 %, and window distances of 0.1 to 0.2 m from the floor and 0.1 to 0.15 m from the ceiling. In Toronto, the WWR ranged from 83 % to 85 %, with transparency levels of 50 % to 90 %, and window distances of 0.2 to 0.3 m from the floor and 0.1 to 0.15 m from the ceiling. In Riyadh, the optimal WWR was 44 % to 49 %, with transparency levels of 30 % to 70 % to reduce glare, and a window distance of 1.3 to 1.5 m from the floor. In Tebessa, the WWR ranged from 43 % to 47 %, with transparency levels of 50 % to 80 %, and window distances of 1.10 to 1.35 m from the floor and 1.20 to 1.35 m from the ceiling.